Management of Radio Frequencies in Air Transport

Introduction

Air transport has come a long way since the first recorded flight on 17^th Dec 1903 and is considered the quickest way of safe and comfortable travel across long distances, infecting the air has become the highway for world commerce. The increase in Air transport resulted in congestion in airspace, and the air-ground communication channels for the safe and proper navigation of flights from one point to another point also became congested. As the technology of flying improved, the tendency of communication and navigation of an Aircraft also shifted from visual signals of communication and visual landmarks of navigation to radio communication and radio navigation on various assigned frequencies, which raises the need for proper planning and management of Radio frequencies.

Radio Regulations

In the light of the Ordinary Administrative Radio Conference (OARC) held in 1959, the Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) were also adopted in Annex-10. Later, further changes made by ITU in Radio Regulations, types of emission, use of single-sideband in High Frequencies (HF SSB) were also adopted by ICAO on 10th Dec 1979 to be used in Air mode of transport.

Radio frequencies

Radio frequencies are an efficient medium by which voice or data can be transmitted from one point to another. The properties of the radio frequency spectrum are governed by the laws of Physics. Radio waves travel through space at the speed of light. Different bands of radio frequencies have specific propagation characteristics, to be used in air transport for Air traffic control, Aircraft Navigationair-groundnd communication, ILS, Search and rescue, Weather information, Radio altimetry, or the exchange of other related data between any Aeronautical station and Ground station.

Management of Radio Frequencies

Radio frequencies are managed at two levels as follows –

• At the international level, frequencies are managed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
• At the national level, frequencies are managed by the contracting states of the International Telecommunication Union.
• In Pakistan, radio frequencies are managed by the Wireless Allocation Board (WAB) of the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA).

ITU has the Consultative Committee on International Radio (CCIR), which frames rules and regulations regarding design, standard, operation, and coordination for their use in an interference-free environment. whereas the International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB)coordinates the frequency usage.

Both of the above ITU agencies hold meetings at international and regional levels to discuss the affairs of frequency management, latest technological developments, their effect on the existing system, and formulate necessary rules accordingly.

At the regional level, each state has a setup to implement frequency management at the national level as per the policy applicable in the respective ITU region.

Optimum use of radio frequency spectrum and allocation of interference-free bands of frequencies to the individual user has become a very tedious matter, so it quires proper management techniques, as improper allocation/management of radio frequencies at the national level may lead to harmful interference and congestion in frequencies, which in turn decreases the optimum use of vvarious frequencybands, besides the inconvenience to the user or communication blackouts at critical moments.

Assigned Radio frequencies to provide communication between an appropriate aeronautical Station and an aircraft station anywhere in the world for exercising regularity control of flight and safety of aircraft, are not to be assigned for general administration.

Management of Radio Frequencies in Pakistan

Government of Pakistan being the member of ITU, initially made the Department of Telephone and Telegraph responsible for implementation ITU rules and allocation of frequencies to various users, latter keeping in view the increase in radio frequencies use in aviation, defense, non-defense, maritime, and lot of other agencies Pakistan Wireless Board(PWB) was established, which is recently re-organized and re-structured as Frequency allocation Board (FAB) by Pakistan Telecommunication Authority under Ministry of communicationtoto handle growing needs the frequencies matters more professionally and technically.

Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) issues radio communication licenses for various services to the military or non-military users, whereas the Frequency Allocation Board (FAB) is responsible for allocation, allotment, and assignment of frequencies for various radio-based services.

PTA receives applications for the issue of a license for radio frequency as per section 4(1)(b) and section 5(1)(c) of the PTA (re-organization) Act 1996. Applications are evaluated by PTA, and if deemed appropriate,e the case is forwarded to FAB for frequency allocation in accordance with section 5(2)of the PTA Act 1996.

In the field of Air Transport, PTA in Pakistan grants licenses for radio communication in the following categories for secure and safe mobility and guidance of Aircraft:

• Aircraft Radio. (Pakistan registered aircraft).
• Aeronautical Stations.
• Radio Navigational use.
• HF/VHF/UHF stations.

Kinds of modulations

There are four kinds of modulations for various uses as follows

• Frequency modulation (FM) is used in VOR/ground-to-ground communication.
• Amplitude modulation (AM) is used in NDB and vice versa communication
• Phase modulation AMSS
• Pulse Modulation used in radar.

Types of Radio Emissions

The following are the various types of radio emissions:

• A0 –absence of Modulation.
• A1 –Carrier Keyed.
• A2 –AM tone only. , used in radar and VOR operations.
• A3 –AM voice only.
• A0/A2 –call sign only modulated (tone), normally used in NDB.
• A2/A3 – AM (tone or voice)

Aeronautical telecommunication

Any telecommunication for aeronautical purposes is known as Aeronautical telecommunication, such as Radio communication with aircraft, Radio navigation, AISs, etc.

International Aeronautical Telecommunication Service (IATS)

It is an Aeronautical telecommunication service established between offices or stations of different states or between mobile stations which are not in the same state or are subject to different states to ensure proper telecommunication and Radio aids to Air navigation necessary for the safety, regularity, and efficiency of international air navigation as defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization.

This service is divided into four parts as follows:

• Aeronautical Fixed Service (AFS).
• Aeronautical Mobile Service (AMS).
• Aeronautical Radio navigation service (ANS).
• Aeronautical Broadcasting Service (ABS).

ITU has laid down the guidelines and has designated various portions of the spectrum for providing various radio services. A broad frequency distribution is as follows:

• Very low frequencies (VLF) 3 kHz to 30 kHz.
• Low frequencies (LF 30khz to 300 kHz
• Medium frequencies (MF) 300khz to 3mhz
• High frequencies (HF 3mhz to 30 MHz
• Very high frequencies (VHF) 30mhz to 300mhz
• Ultra-high frequencies (UHF) 300mhz to 3000mhz
• Super high frequencies (SHF) 3ghz to 30ghz
• Extra high frequencies (EHF) 30 GHz to 300 GHz.

Radio Frequencies in Air Transport

The following radio frequencies are used in Air transport for communication and navigation as per international agreements:

• LF for NDB, DF, LOCATORS, BECONS.
• MF for LORAN.
• HF for DF and Voice Communication.
• VHF for ILS, VOR, MARKERS, and ATC Communication.
• UHF for ILS, DME, TACAN, and ATC.
• SHF for GCA.

International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

Forfrequencys allocation purposes, the world has been divided into three geographical regions known as regions one, two, and three.

• ITU Region 1 comprises Europe, Africa, the former Soviet Union, Mongolia, and the Middle East west of the Persian Gulf, including Iraq.
• ITU Region 2 covers the Americas, including Greenland, and some of the eastern Pacific Islands.
• ITU Region 3 contains most of non-FSU Asia east of and including Iran, and most of Oceania.

Pakistan is in the ITU Region Three. States are required to coordinate with ITU on the following matters:

• Administrative provisions.
• Exchange of information.
• Technical calculations.

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

ICAO, in coordination with I, TU has laid down various bands of frequencies for the allocation of radio frequencies for short distances, long distances, at the regional level, and for various types of Radio navigational aids such as DF, NDB, VOR, ILS, MLS, etc.

Utilization of Band 117.975-137 MHz (as per ITU Radio conference Geneva 1959):

• Frequencies between 117.975MHz and 2 MHz for exclusive use of Aeronautical Mobile service.
• Frequencies between 132-136 MHz to be used under the conditions imposed by the respective ITU region.
• Frequencies between 136-174 MHz are to be used subject to conditions contained in the Radio Regulations of ITU 197,9 in which special attention of the state is required to control harmful radio interference.

• Localizer/ATC communication works on 108 MHz to 174 MHz.
• VOR operates on 108 MHz to 118 MHz.
• ILS Localizer operates on 108 MHz to 112 MHz.
• Glide path operates on 328 MHz to 335 MHz

The frequencies in the VHF/UHF band are normally used in Aerodrome and Airways control, whereas HF band frequencies are used for long-distance communication. ITU has designated specific frequencies for this purpose. Various radio frequencies classified for operational use are:

Bands ITU allocation frequencies Service use

Bands	ITU Allocation Frequencies	Service Use
HF	9 kHz to 27.5 MHz	Aeronautical radio navigation, Fixed/Mobile aeronautical
	27.5 MHz to 30 MHz	Fixed/Mobile
VHF	68 MHz to 137 MHz	Fixed/Mobile, Aeronautical Navigation, Broadcasting
	137 MHz to 300 MHz	Fixed/Mobile broadcasting
UHF	300 MHz to 1000 MHz	Fixed/Mobile, Aeronautical Navaids, Broadcasting
	1000 MHz to 3000 MHz	Fixed/Mobile, Aeronautical Navaids, Broadcast
SHF	3 GHz to 30 GHz	Fixed/Mobile, Radio Navaids
ESHF	30 GHz to 300 GHz	Fixed/Mobile, Radio Nav.

The minimum separation between assigned frequencies in Aeronautical Mobile service is 25khz. The frequencies are grouped as A, B, C, D, and E by spacing of 25khz Frequencies generally ending in odd tenths, ending in even tenths, ending in five at the thousand, ending in five at the tenth, or as a whole number,r etc., are grouped.

Where there is a requirement for the use of HF for a search and rescue coordination center, the frequencies 3023 kHz and 5680 kHz are employed.

Radio Frequencies in flight navigation

Radio frequencies used in flight navigation enable the pilot of an aircraft to determine his position in relation to the Earth’s surface and finally to align the aircraft with the Runway in use and effect a safe and smooth landing at the aerodrome of destination.

The Radio navigational aids are generally classified as:

• Ground-based systems, which are installed on the ground for the guidance of aircraft.
• Air-borne: which relates to the equipment carried on board the aircraft and interrelates with ground-based equipment to give the required information.
• On-board: which enables the pilot to navigate the aircraft without using the ground-based equipment.

Radio Frequencies in Air Traffic Control

Radio frequencies for ATC purposes enable the pilot to communicate with Air traffic controller to get advice for expeditious, safe smooth and orderly flow of Air traffic, including weather and safety information including assistance in case of search and rescue. These frequencies are also used to establish contact between the air and any ground station for a data link.

Radio Frequencies in Data Transmission

Frequencies between 3 kHz and 300 GHz can be technically used to transmit data, but due to economic reasons and some other factors, frequencies between 3 kHz and 60 GHz are presently in use.

Radio frequencies in Distress use

Radio frequencies to be used by aircraft for distress communication have been adopted by ICAO in accordance with the provisions made by ITU in its Radio Regulations.

With reference to survival craft stations the Radio regulations provide the use of Distress frequencies as 500 kHz, 8364 kHz, 2182 kHz 121.5 MHz, and 243 MHz, if the survival aircraft is capable of operating in the bands between 405-535 kHz, 4000-27500 kHz, and 1605-2850 kHz, 117.975-136 MHz, and 235-328.6 MHz respectively including the assistance from maritime services.

Radio Frequencies allocation planning

For regional assignment planning, the geographical separation between facilities operating on the same frequency is adjusted, and the adjacent frequency shall be determined regionally by considering the following:

• Required functional service of the radio facility.
• The maximum flight altitude of the aircraft using this facility.
• Diurnal, seasonal, and solar variation, the setting of the facility, the type of antennas used, the diversity system, and the form of signal used.

Basic requirements for Radio communication and navigation remain fundamental to any system, and very careful planning and management of available resources are required to meet the rapid development of technology in the field of Air transport. HF, VHF & UHF are considered the most congested bands and require extra efforts for planning their use at the national level.

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References

• ICAO Annex-02
• ICAO Annex-10
• ICAO Annex-12
• Pakistan CAA Rules
• Radio Frequency Management Conference (July 1999) by PTA at Islamabad